Content material warning: Due to the character of a number of the actions we found, this collection of articles comprises content material that some readers could discover upsetting. This contains profanity and references to medicine, drug dependancy, playing, pornography, violence, arson, and intercourse work. These references are textual solely and don’t embody photos or movies.
Having explored the ‘authentic’ and not-so-legitimate enterprise pursuits that risk actors are discussing on prison boards, we’ve arrived on the concluding chapter of our collection. Right here, we’ll focus on the implications and alternatives that these actions current.
As we’ve famous all through this collection, risk actors diversifying into different industries and prison actions can have troubling penalties. It may possibly make disrupting these risk actors harder, notably in terms of seizing property, and may make investigations – ‘following the cash’ – extra advanced. Furthermore, it will probably enhance risk actors’ wealth, energy, and affect, which once more can complicate investigations. And it signifies that their crimes can have an effect on extra victims, instantly or not directly.
Within the cybersecurity business, we typically deal with cybercrime as being in a silo – to contemplate it a definite, specialist, and remoted exercise, restricted to the digital world of networks and hosts. Not unreasonably, our efforts are usually centered on the ‘cyber kill chain’; standard risk intelligence; and bolstering protections, safety consciousness, and different preventative measures. And within the wake of assaults, our consideration often goes to the victims – whether or not these are organizations coping with incidents, or people who’ve been scammed.
In the meantime, the perpetrators slip again into the shadows, and we don’t usually take into consideration what they do as soon as an assault is over, or the place the cash goes. This query has not traditionally been prioritized by safety researchers.
However maybe we must always spend extra time trying into how cybercriminals are utilizing and investing their income. Doing so can result in further investigative and intelligence alternatives round attribution, motivation, connections, and extra.
Furthermore, a number of the actions we’ve uncovered on this collection strongly recommend that we must always not put risk actors on any type of pedestal. They don’t seem to be simply cybercriminals – they’re criminals, full cease. They shouldn’t be glorified, or celebrated, or portrayed as something besides what they’re: individuals who make cash on the expense of victims. Our investigation means that no less than some risk actors are engaged in exploitative, dangerous, and unlawful actions, each on-line and in the true world, from which they’re actively profiting.
Proactive intelligence-gathering and investigation on the boundaries of authentic and illegitimate earnings, and of cybercrime and real-world crime/enterprise, might assist hit risk actors the place it actually hurts – their cash. Whereas we don’t declare that this might be straightforward to perform, the knowledge we’ve shared on this collection may very well be a beneficial first step in laying the foundations for future efforts and analysis on this vein.
Attribution and investigative avenues
As proven in our earlier articles, the schemes and techniques which risk actors define intimately on prison boards – typically accompanied by screenshots, images, and particular biographical data – can present investigative and attribution alternatives which have beforehand been underexplored. These may be notably helpful on prison boards, the place contributors are sometimes nameless.
As an example, through the course of our investigation, we famous risk actors revealing the next data of their discussions of ‘authorized enterprise’:
- References to the places (international locations/areas/cities) in they reside and/or function
- Different biographical data, together with age, marital standing, and whether or not they had kids
- Unredacted or partially redacted screenshots revealing profile footage, names, addresses, and reference numbers
- Images of places, which might probably be recognized by means of open-source investigation
- References to particular quantities of cash and purchases, typically accompanied by dates and occasions
- References to earlier convictions, which may very well be used for potential identification
- Detailed discussions of authorized or unlawful schemes and actions
- Particulars of recommendation acquired from attorneys, accountants, and associates.
Realizing thine enemy
Our investigation additionally demonstrates the breadth and depth of data that risk actors possess about varied industries, loopholes, laws, investigative strategies, and laws in varied territories and international locations – in addition to what they find out about cash laundering and legitimizing strategies. All of this will present investigators with helpful details about what risk actors know and what they don’t, which may help to tell future operations. It additionally offers a broader view of the risk panorama, and the way the cyber model of that panorama interacts and overlaps with risk landscapes in different prison domains – leading to a richer strategic intelligence image.
Alternatives for collaboration
We hope that our analysis could encourage larger collaboration between the cybersecurity business, regulation enforcement, and regulators, as a result of it will probably assist hyperlink the incidents we take care of and reply to on daily basis, to the real-world offenses, property, and companies which regulation enforcement and regulators have the power, and mandate, to research. Once more, we don’t declare that our analysis will clear up this drawback, however we predict it could present some helpful frequent floor to encourage collaboration and information-sharing.
The proof we uncovered – of hyperlinks between carders and drug sellers; risk actors and varied industries and sectors; and risk actors and real-world prison exercise – signifies that we might probably hyperlink some cybercriminals to the stream of the ensuing funds into wider economies, whether or not prison or authentic. Whereas this might require openness, willingness, and cautious administration, we propose that extra might and must be completed to research, observe, and disrupt risk actors utilizing the kind of data we’ve mentioned.
Some preliminary sensible solutions:
- Researchers might flag discussions about new strategies of cash laundering, authorized and unlawful investments, insights about risk actor teams (places, motivations, capabilities, connections, and so forth.), and monetary identifiers to factors of contact in regulation enforcement and monetary regulatory our bodies
- Legislation enforcement officers and monetary investigators might share identifiers and indicators from their very own investigations with researchers, to find out if there are hyperlinks to campaigns or particular teams
- Each events could profit from embedding packages specializing in these areas of crossover.
Including to the kill chain?
Whereas that is extra of a theoretical suggestion, it may be price contemplating including two steps to the top of the kill chain when coping with financially motivated risk actors:
- Cashing out and cash laundering. Financially motivated risk actors wish to notice a revenue and disguise the origin of their funds
- Spending and funding. This step could overlap with the earlier one to some extent, however right here, risk actors are in search of to spend/make investments their illicit good points, and use them to generate additional revenue, reasonably than merely disguising the supply(s)
Each steps could also be helpful additions to the kill chain for 4 causes:
- They’re areas by which some risk actors may be much less acquainted/succesful, so they could make errors or let slip revealing data, resulting in alternatives for attribution and additional investigation
- They could contain interplay with monetary authorities, a wider monetary ecosystem, and/or regulatory businesses, rising alternatives for monitoring and ‘pink flags’
- These are the factors at which we are able to damage financially motivated risk actors essentially the most – within the pocket – so it is sensible to commit no less than some consideration to them
- As mentioned beforehand, these steps provide potential for collaboration, information-sharing, and cooperation with monetary and regulation enforcement authorities.
Caveats and future analysis
Our work on this collection centered on a choice of prison boards, however boards don’t inform us every part there’s to know in regards to the prison ecosystem. Nonetheless, we did select a number of outstanding boards identified to be frequented by prolific risk actors (together with ransomware associates, preliminary entry brokers, and malware builders), and boards can present a beneficial glimpse into an underexplored space.
Finally, although, we solely checked out 5 boards, so our work must be thought of extra of an preliminary exploration than an exhaustive survey.
Linking the crimes and enterprise practices mentioned on this discuss to particular incidents, campaigns, and risk actors represents a problem, one past the scope of this work. Nonetheless, we famous that in a number of circumstances, risk actors didn’t merely hypothesize or present normal particulars, however admitted to particular exercise, typically together with images, places, and biographical data (though we must also level out that some risk actors may very well be mendacity or embellishing their claims).
Future analysis on this subject might embody:
- Extra detailed investigations, together with analysis into different boards, marketplaces, Telegram channels, and so forth., evaluating the outcomes to ours, and figuring out additional alternatives for attribution, investigation, monitoring, and collaboration
- Exploration of the feasibility of linking particular assaults and campaigns to particular investments and enterprise practices – which can contain collaboration, information-sharing, monetary evaluation, and/or tracing cryptocurrency
- Statistical analysis into the prevalence of assorted crimes/enterprise pursuits, to realize an understanding of that are commonest amongst financially motivated risk actors, and whether or not they differ in response to geography and kind of risk actor (infostealer campaigns versus ransomware, for instance).
Wrapping up
Whereas there has beforehand been analysis into particular strategies of cryptocurrency laundering utilized by cybercriminals (notably ransomware actors), that is, to our information, the primary exploration of so-called ‘authorized enterprise’ discussions on prison boards, which have been round for nearly twenty years on two very outstanding, well-established Russian-language boards, and for a shorter time on others.
These sections have traditionally been neglected by researchers, probably as a result of they don’t seem to comprise a lot of relevance to cybersecurity. We imagine that is an oversight, which our work seeks to handle by highlighting each the strategic and tactical intelligence advantages that exploring and monitoring these sections can carry.
There may be an intensive variety and plurality of investments, schemes, and enterprise pursuits – each authorized and unlawful – that financially motivated risk actors focus on and grow to be concerned in after benefiting from assaults. We encourage our colleagues within the cybersecurity group to contemplate financially motivated cybercrime as an integral a part of a wider economic system, reasonably than a siloed and remoted exercise.
Particularly, we invite colleagues to:
- Take into account the place risk actors are investing and spending their cash after assaults – and whether or not this might present further context and worth
- Share data with friends, regulation enforcement, and different related businesses, similar to monetary regulators; requesting data in return
- The place acceptable, consider cybercrime not as an remoted exercise in and of itself, however as a part of a a lot wider and extra advanced ecosystem linked to different prison networks
- Replicate on, and contribute to, our suggestion of together with further steps on the cyber kill chain
As we famous earlier, we think about this analysis to be a place to begin. We’re persevering with to look into this subject, and we sit up for sharing further findings sooner or later.
